مدى جواز التنفيذ على أموال الدول الأجنبية في القانون اليمني
دراسة مقارنة بالقانون الأمريكي والقانون الإنجليزي واتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لحصانات الدول وممتلكاتها
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58963/qausrj.v14i14.200الكلمات المفتاحية:
الحجز ، التنفيذ ، أموال الدول الأجنبيةالملخص
يتناول هذا البحث موضوع الحجز والتنفيذ على أموال الدول الأجنبية, وقد أظهر أن قواعد القانون الوطني والدولي لا تزال تمنح أموال الدول الأجنبية حصانة من التنفيذ, كقاعدة عامة, فلا يجوز إخضاع تلك الأموال للإجراءات الجبرية سواء قبل صدور الحكم "وقتية وتحفظية" أو بعد صدوره "إجراءات تنفيذية بالمعنى الدقيق", إلا في حالات استثنائية أهمها؛ اذا كانت الأموال مستخدمة لأغراض تجارية أو خاصة, أو اذا تنازلت الدولة عن الحصانة من التنفيذ, أو اذا خصصت أو رصدت أموالا معينة للوفاء بالمطالبة موضوع الدعوى.
المقاييس
التنزيلات
المراجع
أولا: المراجع باللغة العربية:
د. عبد الكريم الطير, د. عادل النجار (2013), قواعد وإجراءات التنفيذ الجبري, مكتبة ومركز الصادق, صنعاء.
د. فتحي والي (1975), التنفيذ الجبري وفقا لمجموعة المرافعات الجديدة, مطبعة جامعة القاهرة, ط2.
د. مطهر عبده محمد الشميري (2003), إجراءات التنفيذ الجبري في قانون التنفيذ المدني اليمني, ط1, مركز صن للطباعة والنشر, تعز.
د. نجيب احمد عبدالله (2010), قانون التنفيذ الجبري في المسائل المدنية والتجارية, مكتبة ومركز الصادق, صنعاء.
ثانيا: المراجع باللغة الإنجليزية:
I: Books & Book Chapters:
Andrew Dickinson (2008), State Immunity and State-Owned Enterprises, Clifford Chance, London.
Christoph H. Schreuer (2009), The ICSID Convention: A Commentary, 2d ed, Cambridge University Press.
David W. Rivkin and Christopher K. Tahbaz (2009), Attachment and Execution on Commercial Assets, (in) R. Doak Bishop, (ed.) Enforcement of Arbitral Awards against Sovereigns, Juris Publishing Inc., New York.
Derek Asiedu-Akrofi (1987),Central Banks and Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity, Master Thesis, University of British Columbia.
Dhisadee Chamlongrasd(2007), Foreign State Immunity and Arbitration, Cameron, London.
Emmanuel Gaillard (2008), Effectiveness of Arbitral Awards, State Immunity from Execution and Autonomy of State Entities: Three Incompatible Principles, (in) E. Gaillard and J. Younan (eds.), State Entities in International Arbitration, Juris Publishing, New York.
Ernest K. Bankas (2005), The State Immunity Controversy in International Law: Private Suits against Sovereign States in Domestic Courts, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, New York.
Gamal Moursi Badr,(1984) State Immunity: An Analytical and Prognostic View, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands.
Gavan Griffith (1989), Foreign State immunity in Australia, Estudios en homenaje a Jorge Barrera Graf, T.II, Instituto de investigaciones juridicas, Mexico D.F.
Hazel Fox & Philippa Webb (2013), The Law of State Immunity, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, UK.
Mag Eva Wiesinger (2006), State Immunity from Enforcement, University of Vienna.
Okezie Chukwumerije (1987), Sovereign Immunity and Transnational Arbitration, Master Thesis, University of British Columbia.
Paula Loughlin & Stephen Gerlis (2004), Civil Procedure, 2nd ed., Cavendish Publishing Limited, London.
Roger O'Keefe, Christian J. Tams, Antonios Tzanakopoulos “eds.” (2013), The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, UK.
Yang Xiaodong (2012), State Immunity in International Law, Cambridge University Press, UK.
II: Articles & Working Papers:
August Reinisch (2006), European Court Practice Concerning State Immunity from Enforcement Measures, European Journal of International Law, vol.17, no.4.
Burkhard Heß (1993), The International Law Commission’s Draft Convention on the Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, European Journal of International Law, vol.4, no.1.
Claudia Annacker and Robert T. Greig (2004), State Immunity and Arbitration, ICC International Court of Arbitration Bulletin, vol.15, no.2.
Clive M. Schmitthoff & Frank Wooldridge (1972), The Nineteenth Century Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity and the Importance of the Growth of State Trading, Denver journal of international law and policy, vol.2.
Craig J. Hanson (1980), The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: The Use of Pre-Judgment Attachment to Ensure Satisfaction of Anticipated Judgments, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, vol.2, no.2
Dan Engström & Cornel Marian (2012), Restrictive Absolutes: Using Party Autonomy to Reconcile Absolute Immunity with the Liberal Standard for Restrictive Immunity Adopted by the Swedish Supreme Court in the Sedelmayer Decision, Czech & Central European Yearbook of Arbitration, vol. 2.
David Gaukrodger (2012), Foreign State Immunity and Foreign Government Controlled Investors, OECD Working Papers on International Investment, OECD Publishing.
David P. Stewart(2011), The Immunity of State Officials Under the UN Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational, vol. 44.
Del Bianco, Mark C.(1979), Execution and Attachment under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, 5 Yale Study World Publication.
Ernest Patrikis (1992), Sovereign Immunity and Central Bank Immunity in the United States, Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks, vol. 2.
Gary Born (2012), A New Generation of International Adjudication, Duke Law Journal, vol. 61.
Gary Jay Greener (1992), The Commercial Exception to Foreign Sovereign Immunity: To Be Immune or Not to Be Immune? That Is the Question—A Look at the International Law Commission's Draft Articles on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, vol. 15.
George K. Foster (2008), Collecting From Sovereigns: The Current Legal Framework for Enforcing Arbitral Awards and Court Judgments against States and Their Instrumentalities, and Some Proposals for Its Reform, Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law, vol.25, no.3
Gillian Triggs (1982), An international Convention on sovereign immunity? Some Problems in Application of the Restrictive Rule, Monash University Law Review, vol.9.
Howard J. Lager (1997), Avoiding the Nature-Purpose Distinction: Redefining an International Commercial Act of State, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, vol. 18, no. 3.
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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =, Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-third Session, US Document (A/46/10) 29 April -19 July 1991.
James Crawford (1981), Execution of Judgments and Foreign Sovereign Immunity, American Journal of International Law, vol. 75.
Jane H. Griggs (1998), Note, International Law-The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: Do. Tiered Corporate Subsidiaries Constitute Foreign States?, Western New England Law Review, vol. 20.
Jeffrey M. Loeb (2004), Strengthening Bond Creditors' Remedies Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, Paper for International Finance Seminar, Harvard Law School.
Jeremy Ostrander (2004), The Last Bastion of Sovereign Immunity: A Comparative Look at Immunity from Execution of Judgments, Berkeley Journal of International Law, vol. 22, no. 3.
Jose O. Castaneda (1990), Debt for Nature Swaps: An Increasingly Attractive Solution to a Pressing Global Problem, Pace International Law Review, vol. 2, no. 1.
Joseph W. Hardy(1997), Wipe Away the Tiers: Determining Agency or Instrumentality Status Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, Georgia Law Review, vol. 31.
Kevin P. Simmons (1977), The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976: Giving the Plaintiff His Day in Court, Fordham Law Review Fordham, vol. 46, no. 3.
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M. M. P. Kindall (1987), Immunity of States for Noncommercial Torts: A Comparative Analysis of the International Law Commission's Draft, California Law Review, vol. 75, no. 5.
Mathias Audit (2014), Sovereign bonds and national relativism: can New York law contracts safely cross the Atlantic? Capital Markets Law Journal, vol. 9, no. 2.
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Michael D. Smith (1988), Executing judgments against 'Mixed' Commercial and Non-Commercial Embassy Bank Accounts in the United States: where sovereign and diplomatic immunities clash, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Business Law, vol. 10, no. 4.
Note (2010): Too Sovereign to be Sued: Immunity of Central Banks in Times of Financial Crisis, Harvard Law Review, vol.124.
Notes (1978), The Problem of Execution Uniformity Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69, Valparaiso University Law Review, vol. 12, no. 3.
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Robert K. Reed (1979), A Comparative Analysis of the British State Immunity Act of 1978, Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, vol.3, no. 1.
Sompong Sucharitkul (2002), Immunities from Jurisdiction in Contemporary International Law, Publications, http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/pubs/548.
Sompong Sucharitkul (1985), Seventh Report on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, Part 1.
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Stephen G. Foresta (1985), Prejudgment Attachment of Foreign Sovereign Assets Under the Proposed Amendments to the Foreign Sovereignty Immunities Act, Fordham International Law Journal, vol. 9, no. 2.
Sun Jin (2010), The Linkage Requirement in Enforcement Immunity, Chinese Journal of International Law, vol. 9.
Sunil R. Harjani (1999), Litigating Claims over Foreign Government-Owned Corporations under the Commercial Activities Exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, vol. 20, no. 1.
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The Australia Law Reform Commission(1984), Foreign State Immunity, Report No. 24.
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